The Aerospace Corporation’s Center for Space Policy and Strategy (CSPS) has released two new policy papers that examine the future of how traffic will be managed in space, given the proliferation of small, hard-to-track satellites and plans for vast constellations of small- and medium-sized satellites.
The first paper, GPS Transponders for Space Traffic Management, proposes a radically new way of thinking about space traffic management, based on the use of onboard GPS transponders. These devices could more accurately report a spacecraft’s position than the current decades-old systems that track satellites and other space objects with radar and optical telescopes.
Avoiding collision
“GPS transponders could provide positive identification for a spacecraft and allow operators to maintain a lock on it, even when it is thrusting or dead,” said Dr Andrew Abraham, author and senior member of Aerospace’s technical staff.
“By providing more accurate position information, GPS transponders could significantly enhance the ability to compute the probability of collision.”
He added: “There is a margin of error in predicting a satellite’s position at any moment and as a result, operators spend a growing amount of time responding to false alarms and planning unnecessary avoidance maneouvres.”
The success of such a system will ultimately depend on the coordinating authority, which could consist of government agencies, civil administrations, commercial entities, or volunteer networks — or any combination of these, Abraham says.
“Implementing a space-tracking system based on GPS transponders would take time and major effort, but the benefits from fewer collision avoidance manoeuvres and longer satellite lifespans appear to far outweigh the costs,” said Dr. Jamie Morin, executive director for CSPS.
“The number of space vehicles and debris objects is expected to increase substantially in the near future, so this is an opportune time to consider a new era of space traffic management,” he added.
“The neighbourhood is changing”
The second policy paper, New Space Activities: Implications for Space Traffic Management, considers various solutions to the space-traffic problem. These mostly confront the difficult task of minimising growth in the number of future objects and maximising the accuracy of orbital predictions. To move ahead, Marlon Sorge, senior project engineer for Aerospace’s Space Innovation Directorate and one of the authors, suggests: “The space community needs to decide who will be responsible for space traffic management, and what those responsibilities will entail. Satellite operators will also need significantly better space situational awareness.”
The authors suggest that this could be achieved a number of ways: motivating operators to self-report orbital data, attaching tracking aids to spacecraft components, and extending the Space Surveillance Network, as a few examples.
“The DOD (Department of Defense) has been examining this issue for several years, but time is running out,” said Sorge. “The neighbourhood is changing up in space, and planners need to act soon to manage the increased traffic — before on-orbit collisions become commonplace and collision warning alerts become unmanageable.”
Meanwhile, NASA and researchers at the University of Akron are looking at the use of blockchain technology to help spacecraft ‘think’ for themselves to avoid colliding with space debris.
